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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether medical graduates who spent their intern year at a non-metropolitan hospital were more likely to practise outside metropolitan areas on completion of training than were interns in metropolitan hospi...
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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether medical graduates who spent their intern year at a non-metropolitan hospital were more likely to practise outside metropolitan areas on completion of training than were interns in metropolitan hospitals. DESIGN: Retrospective follow-up of doctors who held year-long internships at a non-metropolitan hospital and interns from metropolitan hospitals. SETTING: Ballarat Base Hospital (BBH) (Rural, Remote and Metropolitan Area [RRMA] rural zone) and hospitals in Melbourne and Geelong (RRMA metropolitan zone). PARTICIPANTS: 57/63 (90%) Victorian medical graduates completing internships at BBH between 1989 and 1997 and 126/126 (100%) sex-matched metropolitan interns, chosen at random. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Practice location in 2002. RESULTS: More BBH interns were practising as GPs outside metropolitan areas (44%) than metropolitan interns (13%) (difference, 31%; 95% CI, 17%-45%). The proportion of interns in specialist practice outside metropolitan areas was small for both groups - zero and 3%, respectively (difference, - 3%; 95% CI, - 6% to 0). None of the specialist training posts held by interns were outside metropolitan areas. Of BBH interns entering general practice, 41% (95% CI, 24%-58%) did so in the local health region. CONCLUSIONS: Regional interns are a good source of non-metropolitan GPs, especially locally. Prospective studies to determine the precise influence of regional internships on eventual practice location, and whether more such posts would lead to more graduates entering non-metropolitan practice, would be worthwhile.
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The knowledge-based industries (KBI) involve the transformation of workers' skills, which requires a constant spatial interaction. This means frequent face-to-face contacts. Agglomeration economies and innovation dynamics found in...
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The knowledge-based industries (KBI) involve the transformation of workers' skills, which requires a constant spatial interaction. This means frequent face-to-face contacts. Agglomeration economies and innovation dynamics found in large cities are determining factors for knowledge economy growth. This paper analyses how close proximity to metropolitan cores encourage location patterns of KBI employment. This phenomenon is studied in the Barcelona and Helsinki metropolitan areas by analysing KBI employment pattern distributions and modelling the effects of the distance to the metropolitan cores in KBI employment density. The results show that the employment growth of knowledge industries in both metropolitan areas retains concentration patterns instead of suburbanisation patterns. Hence, physical proximity to the metropolitan cores becomes a determining factor in KBI employment growth.
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Analyzing metropolitan governance is a way of understanding the changes that have taken place to increasing the competitiveness, efficiency, and equity thereof. We use a theoretical structure that combines the history of the Lisbo...
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Analyzing metropolitan governance is a way of understanding the changes that have taken place to increasing the competitiveness, efficiency, and equity thereof. We use a theoretical structure that combines the history of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area with three conceptual elements: shift from government to governance; paradigms of metropolitan governance; and factors specific to metropolitan areas. Through these, we reveal the complex institutional architecture at play in this territory. Finally, we explore to what extent these relate with legal framework and development pressures, and how the latter frequently seem to be conditioned by conjunctural impulses and not by a long-term vision.
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Over the past 23 years from 1990 to 2012, the Memphis metropolitan area had experienced fairly slow economic growth in average income level of its people. In order to understand keys to economic growth in the Memphis metropolitan ...
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Over the past 23 years from 1990 to 2012, the Memphis metropolitan area had experienced fairly slow economic growth in average income level of its people. In order to understand keys to economic growth in the Memphis metropolitan area, I look for statistically and economically significant growth factors by estimating a standard growth model in a panel of the 43 largest metropolitan areas of the United States from 1990 to 2012. Specifically, I control for factors that previous researches have argued were important: education, industry composition and the role of government. I find that all these factors play important roles in determining earnings in a metro area. Among these factors, my measure of the percentage of population with college degree and the percentage of the retail trade employment have positive effects on a metro area's per capita income, while the percentage of the employment in transportation and utilities industry, the percentage of the employment in education and health service industry and the percentage of the employment in government sector have negative effects on a metro area's per capita income.
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The urbanisation and suburbanisation processes are considered to have a detrimental impact on the environment. Increasing the share of the impervious surfaces is one of their main negative effects, particularly in and near the cit...
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The urbanisation and suburbanisation processes are considered to have a detrimental impact on the environment. Increasing the share of the impervious surfaces is one of their main negative effects, particularly in and near the cities, affecting the water relations of basins. It also results in new catchment boundaries formation and, in many cases, changes in the physiographic parameters affecting the accuracy of hydrological and hydraulic calculations of small suburban catchments. This study is an attempt to delimit the catchment boundaries located in the suburban area of Poznań city, Poland, in three variants: according to the Raster Hydrographical Map of Poland and Raster Topographical Map of Poland, digital elevation model, and rainwater sewage system. The analyses were conducted with ArcGIS software, and the results were additionally verified with geodesic measurements on site. This work focuses mainly on the impact of anthropogenic pressure on the catchment shape and the course of its boundaries. The analyses were conducted on the Rów WB stream catchment located in the Skórzewo village, Dopiewo municipality, which stands out within the Poznań Metropolitan Area as the area where the suburbanisation process is the most intensified. This study proved that the agrotechnical and drainage works performed in undeveloped, agricultural areas affected catchment shape and size as much as suburbanisation itself. According to the authors, the suburban catchment boundaries should be regularly updated due to the intensity of the new investments development and additionally verified on site.
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The rapid pace of urbanization has given rise to a new form of spatial development with cities that extend beyond the administrative and physical boundaries. This type of urban growth needs constant balance and augmentation of Urb...
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The rapid pace of urbanization has given rise to a new form of spatial development with cities that extend beyond the administrative and physical boundaries. This type of urban growth needs constant balance and augmentation of Urban core and the outward expansion toward the periphery. So a balance is to be maintained between Brownfield development to maximize the use of existing resources and Greenfield development to balance the diseconomies of congestion. But urban transformation is a continuum and the transition from rural to the urban area forms a fuzzy boundary. The place-based perception of urban-rural transition thus has ie urban, peri-urban and rural zones. Whereas the process based perception of urban-rural transition lies in the dynamics between Brownfield development and Greenfield development. The paper compares the place-based definition with that of a process-based approach to understand the urban-rural transition characteristics.
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To accelerate research on Beyond 5G (B5G) technologies
in Japan, we propose an algorithm that designs mesh-type metropolitan
area network (MAN) models based on a priori Japanese regional railway
information, because ground-trut...
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To accelerate research on Beyond 5G (B5G) technologies
in Japan, we propose an algorithm that designs mesh-type metropolitan
area network (MAN) models based on a priori Japanese regional railway
information, because ground-truth communication network information is
unavailable. Instead, we use the information of regional railways, which is
expected to express the necessary geometric structure of our metropolitan
cities while remaining strongly correlated with their population densities
and demographic variations. We provide an additional compression algorithm
for use in reducing a small-scale network model from the original
MAN model designed using the proposed algorithm. Two Tokyo MAN
models are created, and we provide day and night variants for each while
highlighting the number of passengers alighting/boarding at each station
and the respective population densities. The validity of the proposed algorithm
is verified through comparisons with the Japan Photonic Network
model and another model designed using the communication network information,
which is not ground-truth. Comparison results show that our
proposed algorithm is effective for designing MAN models and that our
result provides a valid Tokyo MAN model.
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摘要 :
To accelerate research on Beyond 5G (B5G) technologies
in Japan, we propose an algorithm that designs mesh-type metropolitan
area network (MAN) models based on a priori Japanese regional railway
information, because ground-trut...
展开
To accelerate research on Beyond 5G (B5G) technologies
in Japan, we propose an algorithm that designs mesh-type metropolitan
area network (MAN) models based on a priori Japanese regional railway
information, because ground-truth communication network information is
unavailable. Instead, we use the information of regional railways, which is
expected to express the necessary geometric structure of our metropolitan
cities while remaining strongly correlated with their population densities
and demographic variations. We provide an additional compression algorithm
for use in reducing a small-scale network model from the original
MAN model designed using the proposed algorithm. Two Tokyo MAN
models are created, and we provide day and night variants for each while
highlighting the number of passengers alighting/boarding at each station
and the respective population densities. The validity of the proposed algorithm
is verified through comparisons with the Japan Photonic Network
model and another model designed using the communication network information,
which is not ground-truth. Comparison results show that our
proposed algorithm is effective for designing MAN models and that our
result provides a valid Tokyo MAN model.
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